Guwahati : Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IIT Guwahati) have developed a portable and cost-effective microfluidic system designed to replicate soil-like conditions. This system has demonstrated that optimising nutrient flow can improve root growth and nitrogen uptake, leading to enhanced crop yields.

Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and an associate faculty in the School of Agro and Rural Technology at IIT Guwahati, Pranab Kumar Mondal, and his team leveraged microfluidics to gain insights into how the primary root emerging from a seed absorbs nutrients from the soil.

Their innovative use of microfluidic technology to analyse root behaviour holds the potential to significantly enhance crop management and boost agricultural yields by optimising nutrient delivery and root development in practical farming applications.

The primary root of a germinating seed serves as the plant’s anchor which is crucial for absorbing water and nutrients. This root must navigate various soil conditions during early growth, a critical phase for plant survival.

Factors such as nutrient supply, pH levels, soil composition, aeration and temperature significantly influence root development. However, studying root dynamics has been challenging due to the limitations of traditional experimental setups, which often require large containers and complex handling.

Microfluidics, the study of fluid flow in micrometre-sized structures, has revolutionised research in cell studies by enabling precise control and characterisation of fluid dynamics at small scales. Existing microdevices primarily focus on phenomena like root-bacteria interactions, hormonal signalling and pollen tube growth, with a limited exploration into real-time plant root dynamics.

Specifically, the impact of mechanical stimuli from nutrient flow on root growth and thigmomorphogenesis (the response of plants to mechanical stress) has not been extensively studied.

To address these challenges, Prof Mondal and his team investigated the high-yielding mustard variety (Pusa Jai Kisan), known for its effective root diameter in the micrometer range.

Their goal was to understand how different nutrient flow conditions influence root growth and nitrogen uptake during the critical post-germination stages.

The researchers found that increasing the flow rate of the nutrient medium enhanced root length and nitrogen uptake up to an optimal rate. Beyond this point, excessive flow-induced stress reduced root length.

Notably, roots exposed to flow conditions consistently performed better than those in no-flow conditions due to superior nitrogen uptake. This research highlights that carefully managed nutrient flow induces significant morphological changes in the root promoting plant growth.

Looking ahead, the team plans to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying flow-induced changes in root growth.Understanding these cellular and molecular processes could lead to the development of more resilient hydroponic systems and support soil-less crop production.